从“无形”到“有形”：无形财产的有形保护

胡仕林

豆按：胡仕林是我安达，曾在上市公司负责法务工作，现在某研究机构担任研究员。本文是作者在企业做法务工作时撰写的文章，现贴出供企业参考。另外，他现在也正式成为法豆网站的合作写者。

无形财产与有形财产是企业运营过程中经常使用的资本，“有形”总是寓有“无形”、“无形”总是穿越“有形”。长期以来，“脑体倒挂”现象潜移默化的影响使不少企业仍残留“有形财产为妻，无形财产为妾”的思想余孽，然而，无数事实证明：忽视无形财产等于忽视企业的生命。本文旨在表达并促成这样一种观念：无形财产应当从法律角度入手，用有形的方式、方法、手段去经营、去保护。

第一部分   无形财产的法律制度设计

    无形财产与有形财产的主要区别在于“无形”和“有形”，前者是凝聚在有形载体中的无形的脑力劳动成果，而后者是体力劳动物化后的有形成果，因此在法律上，无形财产权通常用“产权”表示其权利归属，而有形财产则使用“所有权”概念。一般而言，有形财产一经合法占有即取得所有权并受法律保护，而无形财产通常需要将知识成果转化为知识产权才能受法律保护。知识产权（Intellectual  property）主要包括工业产权和版权（著作权），工业产权又主要包括专利权（发明专利、实用新型专利、工业产品外观设计专利）、商标权、标记名称权（厂商名称、服务标记、货源标记、原产地名称等）、植物新品种权、技术秘密权（工业技术秘密、商业技术秘密、管理技术秘密）等。国家通过设计《专利法》、《著作权法》、《商标法》及其相关法（如《民法通则》、《合同法》、《反不正当竞争法》、《刑法》）并加入国际公约（如《保护工业产权巴黎公约》、《专利合作条约》、《保护文学艺术作品的伯尔尼公约》、《世界版权公约》、《商标国际注册马德里协定》）来对上述权利进行保护。当权利人权利受到侵害时，通常能够采取行政手段、民事手段（民事诉讼）、刑事手段（刑事诉讼）进行法律救济。入世以后，国家法律对知识产权保护的广度、深度、力度都在不断加强，充分利用法律武器武装企业，将使企业在市场经济大潮中有攻有守、攻守结合。而法律资源的闲置往往会在企业受到侵害时显示出它的巨大负面作用。

第二部分  无形财产的法律保护

无形财产的保护是一个系统工程，应包括系统保护的思想意识及措施。把无形财产“从头到脚”全方位保护起来，才能让别人无空可钻，进而达到充分保护的目的，比如某一工业产品，对其生产方法可申请方法专利、对结构可申请实用新型、发明专利、对其包装或装潢可申请外观设计专利，为示区别，还可申请注册商标。但申请了保护并不等于把无形财产放进了“保险箱”（即便算是放进了保险箱，也还可能有人去偷去抢），不能简单的认为获得专利权、商标权就万事大吉、可以高枕无忧了。法律是一把双刃剑，在运营无形财产的过程中，一方面自己要合法使用，否则就会坠入犯法的陷阱，自受其害；另一方面获得保护后，要密切关注市场，一旦发现侵权，必须立即果断地采取法律手段（如，通过工商采取行政手段、通过法院提起民事诉讼、通过公安检察机关提起刑事附带民事诉讼）。为保护权利而斗争，制止侵害，获取赔偿，这就是申请法律保护的根本价值和目的。在无形财产保护的过程中，知识产权的复杂性决定了我们不能倡导“无知者无畏”的精神，实践也证明：“舍不得孩子套不住狼”，把自己不擅长的工作交给代理机构做是明智之举。

总而言之，无形财产的保护，要有法律保护的意识，但光有意识不足以自行，还需采取有形的措施（统一的管理机构、科学的规章制度、积极的申请、合法的使用、及时的法律救济等）。下面，我们将对企业经常使用的无形财产需要重点注意的方面作一番简单的探讨。

    （一）专利保护。专利战，一场没有硝烟的战争。通过专利技术占领市场是现代企业谋求生存与发展的一项重要策略。对于某一发明创造，我们可以采用专利的方式进行保护，也可采用技术秘密的方式进行保护，只不过前者是通过公开的方式进行保护，而后者是通过保密的方式进行保护，具体选择何种方式为宜，要依企业自身情况而定。若采用专利对自己的发明创造进行保护，应注意采取以下措施：

1．专利申报之前，做好保密工作。一些知识分子，在研制阶段或研制完成但尚未申报专利之前，就迫不及待的申报评奖或在学术期刊上发表论文，这就可能造成两个恶果：第一是可能导致新颖性丧失，从而丧失获得专利的资格。因为，技术一旦公开就成为公有财产进入公有领域，人人得而用之，就不具备专利申请的新颖性。第二是可能被他人抢先申请专利，自己的劳动就会付诸东流，难以实现其价值。所以，当企业委托或与他人合作开发研究某产品、技术时，约定未经自己同意不得发表文章、申报评奖就显得尤为必要；同样，企业自己的研发队伍进行研发时，也仍需保密。在此，必须强调：专利申报前的保密工作是获得专利权的关键，是专利保护的重中之重，保密工作到位与否直接决定了专利保护的成与败。

2．抢占先机，适时申请专利。企业对专利的申请一定要有“先下手为强”的意识，而不论其技术是否使用、产品是否投入市场，先申请专利再说。因为同一课题往往有很多人同时在研究，而专利又实行先申请原则，你不申请，别人可能会申请，别人申请后，你就很难再获得专利权，也就不能把技术推向产业化，否则，会造成侵权并遭受法律制裁。

3．重视外观设计的专利保护。说到专利，不得不提工业产品外观设计专利。外观设计因其技术含量较低，很难引起人们的重视，但“人靠衣裳马靠鞍”，外包装是产品的“面子”，引起普通消费者兴趣的往往是外包装而不是他无法判断的技术指标，所以，一个好的外观设计能招揽更多的买主。而对一个好的外观设计申请保护有利于防止不当竞争者“搭便车”仿冒或假冒，否则就难免“冒”了“白冒”，独忍“哑巴吃黄连”、“一声叹息”之痛。由于外观设计专利是初审授权，且无“创造性”的要求，故其在法律上易于取得，也就是说企业只需支付较低成本就可获得外观设计的法律保护。所以，企业没有理由不申请外观设计专利保护。也许有人会说，外观设计可以通过著作权（自动取得、无需申请）来保护，确实不错，但其保护力度是有限的。因为著作权只要求独创性（原创性），而外观设计要求新颖性。也就是说，如果你未申请外观设计专利，则他人在与你自己的产品相同或相类似的产品上使用与你的外观设计相近似的图案，你不能说他侵犯了你的著作权，但如果你申请了外观设计专利，你可以理直气壮的说他侵犯了你的专利权。申请商标保护也是基于同样的法理：著作权法保护有限。外观设计专利广州为最，云南省逐年增加但总量仍偏少。虽然如此，仍不乏有范例，如昆明茶厂、卷烟厂、冠生园，其申请的外观设计专利都在20件以上，上市公司中，昆明制药、云白药都非常重视外观的保护。这或许会给我们一个启示：外观设计专利保护并非可有可无。

（二）技术（商业）秘密。按《反不正当竞争法》，商业秘密是指“不为公众所知悉，能为权利人带来经济利益、具有实用性并经权利人采取保密措施的技术信息和经营信息”。商业秘密不经申请即可获得保护，但主观上必须有使其成为秘密的意愿，客观上必须采取了相应的保密措施，否则，一旦泄密，国家机关就不会将你所说的秘密认定为商业秘密，就无法获得保护，别人用了自然也不承担责任。所以，采取合理的、完善的保密措施是商业秘密保护的关键。“合理性”是保密措施的基本要求，“完善性”是保密措施的追求的目标。企业采取保密措施应从以下几方面入手：

1．硬件隔离。确定保密区，加强保卫，严禁无关人员进入；隔离设备必须安全、可靠。

2、严格控制知悉范围。因工作需要而接触商业秘密的，最好是将商业秘密化整为零，每一知情人均不能获得完整的商业秘密，这样即便泄密，其知悉的信息也无法发挥效用；与员工在签定劳动合同时约定保密条款也不失为一种方法，一般情况下可约定劳动者在职期间及合同终止后一年，劳动者继续承担保密义务，也可约定劳动者在终止或解除劳动合同后三年内不能到与本单位生产同类产品或经营同类业务的有竞争关系的其他单位任职，也不得自己生产同类产品或经营同类业务，但前述约定都必须支付经济补偿金，否则无效。

3．保密材料未经批准不得借阅、外带，不得将其内容变换方式发表、发布。

4．加强电脑防侵入、防丢失措施。

5．企业合作过程中，对对方可能知悉商业秘密的，必须签定保密协议，具体确定接触的地点、时间、人员。

（三）商标保护。如果说外观是产品的面子，那么商标就是产品的“牌子”，牌子一倒，企业的寿命也差不多终结了。商标有注册商标、未注册商标，未注册商标允许使用，但使用人无专用权，不能禁止他人使用。通常情况下，商标主管部门对未注册商标基本不提供什么保护，司法部门提供的保护也十分有限。因此，通过申请注册才能对商标提供直接的、有力的法律保护。

    对于一个多元化经营的企业，通过申请注册保护商标应当注意以下几方面：

    1．抢先原则。商标与专利一样实行申请在先原则，若被别人抢先，你就可能丧失通过注册受法律保护的机会。那种产品出来以后或“闯出名堂”后才申请注册的观念必须摒弃。

2、全方位保护。首先，要有在同一种商品或类似商品上注册若干近似商标（即联合商标）的意识。如，“娃哈哈”公司就以“娃哈哈”为正商标，并同时注册了“娃娃哈”、“哈娃娃”、“哈哈娃”，这就使得意图侵权者无隙可钻。其次，要有多类甚至全类保护的观念。由于注册商标只能在核定范围内使用，而企业的发展往往不是靠单一产品独撑天下，现在不生产、不经营的产品不等于以后不生产、不经营，因此，企业在申请注册时不能仅只满足目前需要，而是要有前瞻性，在可能涉及的领域也申请注册，甚至是全类注册，其操作上可以通过扩展经营范围后来实现多类（全类）注册。再次，商标注册要有国际眼光，否则易于造成产品在国际上生产和销售两方面的障碍。

3．商标反抢注。商标被抢注的例子屡见不鲜，如“春都牌”商标被附近一家小厂抢先在饮料类注册，大名鼎鼎的“全聚德”、“狗不理”、“云烟”、“阿诗玛”也都在国外被抢注。商标抢注是一种恶意行为，通常情况下，抢注人是通过在商标权人未注册的国家或类别上注册某一著名商标，这样，商标权人要在未注册的国家或类别上生产经营产品就不能使用该商标，若要使用，就只能巨额“买”回。当然，驰名商标受特别保护，一般情况下，抢注是难以成功的，但商标从不驰名到驰名还有一段较长的时间，若他人在不驰名期间就已抢注，则商标驰名后仍受限制。所以，商标反抢注意义重大。一般说来，通过申请全类注册、国际注册能比较彻底的防止他人抢注；被抢注后，应立即收集证据，通过法律途径使之无效。

tags: 无形财产,知识产权,实务

网络账号被“盗用”的法律分析

董皓

（发于内部研究资料《互联网前沿》第二期，若需全文PDF文档，请发邮件）

本文引用方式：

董皓：《网络账号被“盗用”的法律分析》，载《互联网前沿》第二期（2008年6月），可获取于http://www.blawgdog.com/article.asp?id=682。

摘要：

……在某些特定条件下，立法的缺位和法律理论的准备不足，还可能使一些在技术上本十分清楚的问题，在法律层面出现定性上的巨大争议……本文从“账号失窃”的法律性质入手，对相关问题进行分析，以期澄清一些易于被误解的法律概念，探索相关网络交易问题在法律学上的、合理的解释方式……什么是网络交易账号？要澄清这个问题，有必要从“技术中立”谈起……尽管“技术中立、功能等同”被作为中国《电子签名法》的原则予以宣传，但这部法律只是部分接受了这个原则……最近商务部正在互联网上征求意见的《电子商务模式规范（征求意见稿）》……表面上是技术中立的，但在具体描述中，却仍然可以发现其技术特定化的倾向……本文认为，基于技术中立的原理，在日新月异的互联网技术面前，“非特定化”才是网络交易平台的趋势……也只有在技术中立、网络交易平台非特定化的条件下，我们才能对所谓“网络交易账号”有一个清楚的认识……我们通常所说的“账号失窃”，其实被“窃取”的往往不是“账号”，而是这个“账号”的密码……窃取密码的行为可能构成对账号拥有者隐私权的侵害……窃取密码的行为往往是一种手段性的行为……账号被盗用后所产生的法律责任……2007年，深圳市南山区法院审理的一起案件……有的学者认为QQ号码属于“财物”……其中的推理过程不甚严密……要分析“盗取QQ号码”的法律性质，就得先澄清“虚拟财产”的概念……“虚拟财产”这个词汇，一直是被作为一个描述性的概念使用的……作为一个描述性概念的“虚拟财产”本身就不具备获得一个统一的，或者说单一的法律解决方案的条件……在合理的现代市场经济法律体系中，“网络账号”永远不可能也不应该被法律确认为绝对性的支配权客体……一个通过合法手段注册获得的网络账号的人，是否可以将自己的账号予以“出售”呢？要回答这个问题，先要分析人们“出售”和“购买”的究竟是什么……在民法上，出售合约的行为被称为“债权债务的概括移转”……“盗号者”是“盗”不走网络账号的……法院不认为“盗号者”构成“盗窃罪”的判断是正确的……

（摘要受著作权法保护）

tags: 虚拟财产,网络账号,QQ,技术中立,电子商务

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香港与内地信息内容管制方式的比较和反思
http://www.blawgdog.com/article.asp?id=515

Some Useful Links on China Internet Governance
http://www.blawgdog.com/article.asp?id=254

《互联网视听节目服务管理规定》学习笔记
http://www.blawgdog.com/article.asp?id=632

《互联网视听节目服务管理规定》的硬伤
http://www.blawgdog.com/article.asp?id=635

2007年中国网络法制十大关键词
http://www.blawgdog.com/article.asp?id=631 

精确地说，使用CC并非真的发出许可证。换句话说，使用CC并非真的形成著作权许可合同。因为是对不特定主体的概括声明，所以CC的各种格式条款并不能构成一个真正的协议，而只是一个陈述（statement）。比如，如果一个人在自己的作品上添加了CC的公共领域证书（Public Domain ），这种添加实际上是没有意义的——添加不添加都无所谓。因为其所依据的法律是美国法，而知识产权的地域性让这种声明的内容在美国以外不具备任何法律上的约束力。其最多产生一个证据作用：证明版权权利人曾经声明过可以让大家随便用自己的作品。至于是否真的达到法律上的“弃权”效力，则还需要许多方面的其它证据的配合。所以，与其添加这个声明，不如自己直接在网站上写明：本文允许自由转载。

CC的上述两个特点（1、法律适用性的障碍；2、其本身并不构成许可合同），是其难以被应用到真正涉及大规模版权交易的场合的原因。更关键的是，标准条款有一个理想主义的前提：世界上的各种纠纷和各种需求真的是能够像肯德鸡快餐一样被统一的。可是，事实往往并非如此，世界上没有完全相同的两片叶子，也没有完全相同的两次交易，连肯德鸡都有老北京鸡肉卷，律师的作用始终是非常重要的。

当然，上面的话并非完全否定CC及其它Open Content协议的价值，以下是香港中文大學學生會知識產權關注小組配音的CC宣传影片《Wanna Work Together》广东话版。

下面是这个影片的英文版：

　　作为同时具有大陆法和普通法教育背景的中国执业律师，基于八年法律服务和十年的互联网法律咨询经验，法豆为您提供下述专业法律服务。本站中的内容，是法豆专业法律服务能力的佐证。

“3P 服务”：精确、专业、务实
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• 一般公文和商业往来文件翻译
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This Outline is formulated for the purpose of improving China's capacity to create, utilize, protect and administer intellectual property, making China an innovative country and attaining the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

I. Preface

(1) Since the reform and opening up policy was introduced, China has maintained a sustainable and rapid economic and social development, and has made advances in science and technology and cultural creations, while the capacity for innovation has been constantly improved, and knowledge is playing an increasingly prominent role in China's economic and social development. China is now experiencing a new historical beginning, and it is of great strategic importance for the country to develop and utilize knowledge-based resources in order to transform the pattern of economic development, ease the constraints posed by demand for resources and environmental concerns, improve the nation's core competitiveness and meet the increasing material and cultural demands of the people.


(2) Intellectual property system is a basic system for developing and utilizing knowledge-based resources. By reasonably determining people's rights to certain knowledge and other information, the intellectual property system adjusts the interests among different groups of persons in the process of creating and utilizing knowledge and information, encourages innovation and promotes economic and social progress. In the world today, with the development of the knowledge-based economy and economic globalization, intellectual property is becoming increasingly a strategic resource in national development and a core element in international competitiveness, an important supporting force in building an innovative country and the key to hold the initiative in development. The international community attaches greater importance to intellectual property as well as innovation. Developed countries take innovation as the main impetus driving economic development, and make full use of the intellectual property system to maintain their competitive advantages. Developing countries actively adopt intellectual property policies and measures suitable for their respective national conditions to promote development.


(3) With years of development, China has been gradually improving its system of laws and regulations on intellectual property and constantly strengthening the enforcement level. Meanwhile, the intellectual property quantity has increased rapidly and their performance has constantly improved. Market entities have also made steady progress in improvement of their capacity to utilize intellectual property. China has expanded international exchanges in the field of intellectual property and increased its influence in international intellectual property affairs. The establishment and implementation of the intellectual property system have helped standardize China's market order, stimulated inventions and cultural creations, promoted China's opening up and importation of knowledge resources, and played an important role in China's economic and social development. However, China's intellectual property regime still needs improvement. The quality and quantity of the self-relied intellectual property still cannot meet the demands of economic and social development; the public awareness of the importance of intellectual property is comparatively weak; the capacity of market entities to utilize intellectual property is not very strong; infringement of intellectual property is still a relatively serious problem; there are still some cases of abuse of intellectual property; the intellectual property service and support system and training for all types of intellectual property personnel lag behind its development; and the role of intellectual property in promoting economic and social development needs to be strengthened.

(4) Implementing the national intellectual property strategy to greatly promote China's capacity in creation, utilization, protection and administration of intellectual property will help improve China's capacity for independent innovation and aid in efforts to make China an innovative country. It will also be conducive to improving China's socialist market economy, standardizing market order and encourage the society to be more creditworthy. It will also increase the market competitiveness of Chinese enterprises and strengthen the core competitiveness of the country. Finally, it will facilitate China's opening up further to the outside world, thereby leading to a win-win situation between China and the rest of the world. We must implement this intellectual property strategy an important national strategy and we must step up efforts in the area of intellectual property.

II. Guiding Principles and Strategic Goals

1. Guiding Principles

(5) In implementing the national intellectual property strategy, we need to follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of "Three Represents", comprehensively apply the Scientific Outlook on Development and abide by the policy of encouraging creation, effective application, legal protection and scientific administration. We must concentrate our efforts to improve the intellectual property system, actively work to create a favorable legal environment, market environment and cultural environment for the development of intellectual property in order to greatly improve China's capacity to create, utilize, protect and administer intellectual property. This will provide strong support for the effort to make China an innovative country and develop a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

2. Strategic Goals

(6) By 2020, China will become a country with a comparatively high level in terms of the creation, utilization, protection and administration of IPRs. The legal environment for IPRs is much better, market entities are much better at the creation, utilization, protection and administration of IPRs, the public awareness of intellectual property is increased greatly, the quality and quantity of the self-relied intellectual property are able to effectively support the effort to make China an innovative country, the role of the intellectual property system in promoting economic development, the culture prosperity and social progress in China become very apparent.

(7) Goals for the next five years:

– The level of the self-relied intellectual property will be higher by a large margin and the quantity of intellectual property will be greater. China will rank among the advanced countries of the world in terms of the annual number of patents for inventions granted to the domestic applicants, while the number of overseas patent applications filed by Chinese applicants should greatly increase. A number of world-famous brands will emerge. The proportion of the GDP accounted for by the value of core copyright industries will greatly increase. China should own the rights to a number of high-quality new varieties of plants and high-level layout-designs of integrated circuits. Trade secrets, geographical indications, genetic resources, traditional knowledge as well as folklores will be effectively protected and reasonably utilized.

– The benefits of utilizing intellectual property rights (IPRs) will be increased significantly and the proportion of products rich in IPRs should grow significantly. Enterprises should make progress in improving their system for managing intellectual property, invest more in the area of intellectual property and significantly improve their capacity to utilize intellectual property in market competition. A number of preponderant enterprises with famous brands, core intellectual property and rich experience in utilizing the intellectual property system will emerge.

– The protection of IPRs will be significantly improved. Infringement of IPRs, such as piracy and counterfeiting, should be significantly reduced, the expense of protecting intellectual property right willdecrease a great deal and abuse of intellectual property should be effectively curbed.

– The awareness of the IPRs in society, especially among market entities, will be greatly enhanced and a favorable intellectual property culture should be basically formed.

III. Strategic Focuses

1. Improving the Intellectual Property Regime

(8) Laws and regulations concerning IPRs need to be improved. Special intellectual property laws, such as the Patent Law, Trademark Law and Copyright Law, and related regulations need to be promptly revised. Legislation concerning genetic resources, traditional knowledge, folklores and geographical indications should be formulated as needed. The uniformity and coordination of intellectual property legislation need to be strengthened to improve the practicability of laws and regulations. Intellectual property-related provisions contained in laws and regulations concerning unfair competition, foreign trade, science and technology and national defense need to be improved.

(9) The intellectual property law enforcement and administration systems need to be strengthened. The judicial protection and administrative law-enforcement systems need to be strengthened, while judicial protection of IPRs should play its leading role. The efficiency and level of law-enforcement need to be improved and public services need to be strengthened. The reform of the intellectual property administration system needs to be continued to establish a system that matches powers with responsibilities, divides work in a rational way, fosters scientific decision-making and ensures smooth enforcement and effective supervision.

(10) The guiding role of intellectual property in economic, cultural and public policies needs to be strengthened. More efforts need to be adopted to improve coordination between intellectual property policy and the policies of industry, region, science and technology and trade. Intellectual property policy suitable for the development of relevant industries needs to be formulated to promote adjustment and optimization of industrial structures. Measures need to be taken in line with the different features of regional development to improve intellectual property support policy and foster economies suitable to the region and thus promote balanced regional economic development. Establish intellectual property working mechanism for important scientific and technological projects to provide comprehensive services throughout the process with the focus on the acquisition and protection of intellectual property. Intellectual property policy related to foreign trade needs to be improved. The mechanisms for administering intellectual property, early warning and emergency response, overseas IPRs protection and dispute settlement need to be established and strengthened in foreign trade sector. Coordination and uniformity between intellectual property policy and policies of culture, education, science and health need to be strengthened to safeguard the right of the public to legally and rationally utilize innovation findings and information in their cultural, educational, scientific and public health activities, promote the fair sharing of innovation and information, and ensure that the government is able to deal with public crises.

2. Promoting the Creation and Utilization of Intellectual Property

(11) We need to guide and support market entities to create and utilize intellectual property through the use of policies related to finance, investment, government procurement, industrial development, energy and environmental protection. The guiding role of intellectual property policies in scientific innovation activities needs to be strengthened. Technological innovation will take legal industrialization as the basic precondition, and make the acquisition of IPRs as its goal, with being accepted by the technical standards as its endeavor direction. The right ownership and benefit sharing mechanisms for scientific and technological inventions made as part of state-supported projects need to be improved. Indicators of IPRs need to be included into the systems for assessing the implementation of scientific and technological plans and the performance of state-owned enterprises. Raise the proportion of exportation of the goods rich in intellectual property step by step. Promote fundamental changes in the trade growth pattern and optimize trade structure.

(12) We need to encourage enterprises to be the principal entity in the creation and utilization of intellectual property. Independent innovation is encouraged to acquire IPRs and be commercialized and industrialized, and enterprises are guided to realize the market value of their IPRs through rights transferring, licensing, pledging or other means. Higher education institutions and scientific research institutes need to be encouraged to play important roles in the creation of intellectual property. Choose some important technological areas to create a number of core self-relied intellectual properties and technical standards. Encourage the public to take part in in innovations and cultural creations. Promote the creation of excellent cultural products.

3. Strengthening the Protection of IPRs

(13) Revise laws and regulations to punish infringements on IPRs and strengthen judicial punishment. Help right holders to improve consciousness and capacity to protect their own interests. Lower the cost of right enforcement. Increase the cost of infringements. Curb infringements effectively.

4. Preventing Abuses of IPRs

(14) Formulate relevant laws and regulations d to reasonably define the scope of intellectual property. Prevent abuses of intellectual property. Maintain fair market competition. Safeguard the public lawful rights and interests.

5. Fostering a Culture of IPRs

(15) Strengthen the knowledge propagation on intellectual property right and increase the awareness of intellectual property right in the whole society. Carry out the ordinary intellectual property right education extensively. Increase the intellectual property right content in the national promotion of the public moral culture and the national ordinary education in law. By advocating the moral concepts of being proud of innovation and honesty and ashamed of plagiarism and counterfeiting or cheating, the intellectual property right culture could be established throughout China, characterized by respect for knowledge, enthusiasm for innovation and creation, being honest and obeying law.

IV. Specific Tasks

1. Patent

(16) Make advanced development plans according to the nation's strategic needs in some sectors such as biology, medicine, information, new materials, advanced manufacturing, new energy, oceanography, resources, environmental protection, modern agriculture, modern transportation, aeronautics and astronautics, and to obtain a group of patents in these core areas of technology to support the development of China's new and high technology industries.

(17) Formulate and improve policies related to standards and to regulate the process of turning a patent into a standard. Enterprises and industry organizations should be supported in actively participating in the formulation of international standards.

(18) Refine the system of service inventions and establish an interest distribution system that can both help stimulate service inventions and speed up exploitation of patented technologies.

(19) Improve the patent examination procedure and the quality of examination according to the requirements for granting patents. Irregular patent applications need to be prevented.

(20) Balance the need for patent protection and the need to protect public interest properly. While strengthening patent right protection in accordance with law, we need to improve the compulsory licensing system and make good use of exception provisions. We need to work out relevant policies that are rational to ensure that the public is able to obtain necessary products and services in a timely and sufficient manner whenever a public crisis happens.

2. Trademark

(21) Protect the lawful rights and interests of trademark holders and consumers effectively. Strengthen our capacity to enforce the law and take strict measures for curbing counterfeiting and other infringements to maintain fair competition and good order in the market.

(22) Support enterprises in carrying out their trademark strategies and encourage them to utilize their own trademarks in business activities. Enterprises should be encouraged to enrich the meaning of their trademarks, increase the added value and improve the reputation of their trademarks, and establish their well-known trademarks. Enterprises should also be encouraged to register their trademarks overseas, to protect rights and interests in their trademarks, and to participate in international competition.

(23) Make full use of trademarks in the industrialization of agriculture. Market entities need to be helped to register and use their trademarks to improve the quality of their farm products, ensure food safety and raise the added value of their farm products and their competitiveness on the market.

(24) Enhance the administration of trademarks. Efficiency of trademark examination needs to be improved, the time for examination needs to be shortened, and the quality of examination needs to be improved. Market rules need to be respected, and issues related to the determination of well-known trademarks, famous trademarks, well-known commodities, famous-brand products and high quality brands need to be truly solved.

3. Copyright

(25) Assist the development of copyright-related industries such as the press and publication, radio, film, television, literature and the arts, cultural entertainment, advertising design, arts and crafts, computer software and information networks. We need to support the creation of works with clear national features and characteristics of the times. We need to assist in the creation of excellent cultural works that that have difficulties in market competition.

(26) Further improve relevant systems to promote the commercialization of copyrights. Systems for copyright mortagagerecordation of works and transfer contracts need to be further improved to broaden the ways of copyright utilization and reduce the costs and risks involved in copyright transactions. The roles of copyright collective administration organizations, industrial associations, agencies and other intermediary organizations need to be brought into full play in the process of commercializing copyrights.

(27) Deal with piracy according to law. Intensify the punishment against piracy, focusing on curbing the large-scale production, selling and dissemination of pirated products to effectively reduce copyright piracy.

(28) Adopt effective measures to address challenges brought about to copyright protection by the development of the Internet and other new technologies. Properly balance the need for copyright protection and the need for information dissemination. We must protect copyrights in accordance with law while at the same time promoting the dissemination of information.

4. Trade secret

(29) Guide market entities in establishing a trade secret management system in accordance with law. The behavior of stealing trade secret should be severely punished in accordance with law. Properly balance the need for protecting trade secret and the freedom to choose employment and balance non-competition undertaken by insiders and the need for normal personnel flow to safeguard employees' lawful rights and interests.

5. New Varieties of Plants

(30) Establish an incentive mechanism to support the cultivation of new varieties of plants and to facilitate the transformation of innovation findings in breeding into new plant variety rights. A number of breeding bases holding rights in new varieties of plants need to be established. Technology support systems related to new varieties of plants needs to be set up and improved. The work of formulating the guidelines for the conduct of tests of new varieties of plants needs to be expedited. The examination and testing level needs to be raised.

(31) Make the balance of interests among resource suppliers, breeders, producers and business operators more rational, with the emphasis on the protection of lawful rights and interests of farmers. Strengthen the awareness of the need to protect the new plant variety rights among breeding bases and farmers to ensure that the variety rights owners, producers and sellers of new varieties and farmers are all benefited.

6. Intellectual Property in Specific Areas

(32) Improve the protection system for geographical indications. A system of technical standards, a quality guarantee system and an examination system for geographical indications need to be established and strengthened. Carry out a thorough survey of geographical indication resources and give support to products of geographical indications. Promote the transformation of natural and humanistic advantages with regional characteristics into practical productivity.

(33) Strengthen the protection, development and utilization systems for genetic resources to prevent loss and inappropriate use of them. Balance interests between the need to protect genetic resources and the need to develop and utilize them, and to develop a reasonable mechanism for genetic resource access and benefit sharing . We must guarantee the right of prior-informed consent enjoyed by suppliers of genetic resources.

(34) Establish a sound protection system for traditional knowledge. Support the collation and passing down of traditional knowledge to further its development. A coordination mechanism for administration, protection and utilization of IPRs for traditional medicine needs to be improved and the protection, development and utilization of traditional arts need to be strengthened.

(35) Strengthen the protection of folklores and to promote their development. Extensively gather folklores and set up a benefit sharing mechanism that will assure a reasonable balance between conservators of folklores and those who use those resources to create new works, in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of individuals and communities.

(36) Make the utilization of exclusive rights for layout-designs of integrated circuits more effective and thus promote the development of the integrated circuit industry.

7. IPRs Related to National Defense

(37) Establish a unified coordination and administration mechanism for intellectual property related to national defense, particularly focusing on the resolution of major issues such as ownership and benefit distribution, compensation for use, incentive mechanism and effective exploitation of technologies in emergencies.

(38) Improve the administration of intellectual property related to national defense. The administration of intellectual property needs to cover all links in national defense, including research, production, operation, equipment procurement and guarantee, and project management, and control of major intellectual property related to national defense should be strengthened. A guideline to key technologies needs to be published. Create a number of the self-relied intellectual property in areas such as key technologies for weapons and military equipment and high technologies for both military and civilian purposes. An early warning mechanism for intellectual property related to national defense needs to be established, and special examinations of IPRs related to national defense should be carried out in military technology cooperation and arms trade.

(39) Make more effective use of intellectual property related to national defense. The rules for keeping secrecy and declassification of intellectual property related to national defense need to be further improved. Promote the use of intellectual property related to national defense for civilian purposes with the condition that national security and the interests of national defense are not compromised. Encourage the use of intellectual property for civilian purposes in the area of national defense.

V. Strategic Measures

1. Increasing the Capacity to Create Intellectual Property

(40) Establish a market-oriented system for the creation of self-relied intellectual property with enterprises as the backbone of the system and manufacturers, universities and research institutes as close cooperation partners. Enterprises need to be guided to search intellectual property information before starting their own research and development projects or business operations. Enterprises need also be supported in their efforts to form the self-relied intellectual property and strengthen their capacity to transform innovations into intellectual property through original innovation, joint innovation and secondary innovation based on imported technologies. Enterprises as well as other market entities should also be encouraged to obtain intellectual property overseas. Enterprises need to be guided to change the way they compete , improve technological innovation, raise the quality of their products and services and create their own well-known brands.

2. Encouraging the Commercialization and Utilization of IPRs

(41) Guide more innovative elements towards enterprises, support the commercialization of innovations made by high education institutions and research institutes to enterprises, stimulate the application and industrialization of intellectual property in enterprises, and shorten the time for applying it in industrial production. We need to launch various kinds of pilot or demonstration projects for intellectual property, and to improve the overall capacity to utilize intellectual property and handle competition in intellectual property.

(42) Encourage and support market entities to improve their management systems for technological data and trade secrets, and to establish a value assessment, a statistics and an accounting system for intellectual property. They are also encouraged to work out an information search system for intellectual property and an early-warning system for major events, and improve the system for administration of intellectual property in foreign cooperation.

(43) Encourage market entities to actively respond to intellectual property infringements and lawsuits in accordance with law, and to improve their capacity for handling intellectual property disputes.

3. Expediting the Development of the Legal System for Intellectual Property

(44) Establish a legislation mechanism in line with the characteristics of intellectual property, improve the quality of legislation and speed up the legislation process. Improve foresight studies before intellectual property legislation is formulated and the assessment work after enactment. Legislation needs to be more transparent, and more channels need to be available for enterprises, industrial associations and the public to participate in legislation. Revisions and legislative interpretations of intellectual property laws need to be improved in order to deal with new problems in the intellectual property sector promptly and effectively. Studies on the necessity and feasibility of formulating basic intellectual property laws need to be carried out.

4. Improving Intellectual Property Law Enforcement

(45) Improve the trial system for intellectual property, optimize the allocation of judicial resources and simplify remedy procedures. Studies need to be carried out on establishing special tribunals to handle civil, administrative or criminal cases involving intellectual property. Studies also need to be done to reasonably centralize jurisdiction over cases involving patents or other cases of a highly technical nature. Explore issues on setting up courts of appeal for cases involving intellectual property. Judicial organs for handling cases involving intellectual property need to be further strengthened and well-staffed to improve the handling of cases and enforcement of the law.

(46) Judicial interpretation on intellectual property needs to be improved. Cases involving intellectual property require more professional knowledge, and therefore a sound litigation system needs to be established that includes judicial authentication, expert witnesses and technical investigation, and the system of provisional measures prior to action involving intellectual property needs to be improved. Procedures for determining and granting patent or trademark rights need to be reformed, and studies need to be conducted on transforming bodies that hear patent invalidation and trademark review and adjudication cases to quasi-judicial organs.

(47) Improve the overall competence of intellectual property law-enforcement personnel and reasonably distribute law-enforcement resources to improve the efficiency of law enforcement. Special, well-planned and focused actions for the protection of intellectual property should be launched in cases of repeated intellectual property infringements, organized intellectual property infringements and large-scale counterfeiting and piracies. Administrative law-enforcement departments need to speed up the referral of criminal cases involving intellectual property to judicial organs, and judicial organs should make greater efforts to receive criminal cases involving intellectual property.

(48) Customs law enforcement and border protection of intellectual property need to be strengthened to maintain order in import and export and improve the reputation of China's export commodities. International cooperation in customs law enforcement needs to be fully utilized in order to effectively crack down on cross-border illegal acts and crimes involving intellectual property. Customs need to have a influence on international intellectual property protection.

5. Strengthening the Administration of Intellectual Property

(49) Formulate and implement regional and industrial strategies on intellectual property. A mechanism for reviewing intellectual property for important economic events needs to be established and strengthened. Projects for creation and industrialization of the self-relied intellectual property need to be supported as they meet the demand of economic and social development.

(50) More human resources are needed to administer intellectual property, professional training needs to be enhanced so as to raise the competence of personnel needs. People's governments at or above the county level may establish intellectual property administration departments in line with their respective economic and social development.

(51) The systems for examination and registration of intellectual property need to be improved to increase capacity building, optimize procedures, improve efficiency, reduce administrative cost and upgrade the level of public services involving intellectual property.

(52) Develop a national public service platform for basic information on intellectual property. High-quality databases of basic intellectual property information should be developed that include patents, trademarks, copyrights, layout-designs of integrated circuits, new varieties of plants and geographical indications. Accelerate the development of a common search system suitable for Chinese search practices. Agencies to test and preserve new varieties of plants need to be improved. An information platform for intellectual property related to national defense needs to be established. Guide and support the development of intellectual property information databases in various regions and sectors that meet their own needs. Intellectual property system and resource integration and information sharing need to be promoted.

(53) Set up an intellectual property early-warning and emergency-response system. Issue report on intellectual property development trends in important sectors and work out contingency plans for disputes, conflicts or emergency situations on intellectual property that have a wide-ranging and significant impact, so that they can be dealt with in proper way and any potential damage can be controlled or reduced.

6. Developing Intermediary Services for IPRs

(54) Improve the administration of intellectual property intermediary services, make it a self-regulated industry, and establish a system for monitoring such services, including credit information management, reputation assessment and punishment recording. The practice for IPRs appraisal needs to be further regulated to increase its credibility.

(55) Establish a professional training system for intellectual property intermediary services, improve vocational training in intermediary services and standardize the administration of professional qualifications. The scope of services for an intellectual property agent and other employees in intermediary services needs to be clearly defined and studies on general lawyers acting as intellectual property agent need to be conducted. An intermediary service system for intellectual property related to national defense needs to be improved. Great efforts need to be made to improve the capacity of intermediary services to handle international applications for intellectual property, settle disputes and participate in international intellectual property affairs.

(56) Strengthen the role of industrial associations and support their intellectual property work, promote intellectual property information exchange and organize a joint effort to enforce IPRs. The government should strengthen its supervision and guidance in the intellectual property work of industrial associations.

(57) The role of the technology market needs to be strengthened and an intellectual property trading system needs to be established, which provides sufficient information, allows active trading and has an orderly environment. Trading procedures need to be simplified; the cost of trading needs to be reduced and services need to be improved.

(58) Develop commercial intellectual property information services to meet the demands of all relevant parties for intellectual property information. All sectors of society are encouraged to invest in the development of intellectual property information and enterprises are encouraged to participate in the development and utilization of intellectual property information with potential added value.

7. Developing Intellectual Property Human Resources

(59) Establish an interdepartmental coordination mechanism and make overall plans for the development of intellectual property human resources. Establishment of national and provincial intellectual property expert databases and professional information networks needs to be accelerated.

(60) Set up national education bases to train intellectual property professionals. The training of senior intellectual property tutors needs to be accelerated. A sub-discipline program on intellectual property should be set up and the higher education institutions which meet the requirements are supported to establish programs for conferring intellectual property master's and doctor's degrees. Large-scale training programs need to be organized to train all types of intellectual property professionals, focusing on training of urgently needed management personnel and personnel to provide intermediary services involving intellectual property.

(61) Work out training plans to provide comprehensive training on intellectual property to Party and government leaders, civil servants, managers of enterprises and institutions, technical and professional staff, writers and artists, and teachers.

(62) Improve relevant systems for attracting, exploiting and managing intellectual property professionals, improve the human resources structure and encourage reasonable mobility of personnel. In view of the implementation of the Civil Servant Law, we need to improve the civil servant administration system in intellectual property administration departments. A professional and technical assessment system for intellectual property professionals needs to be established in accordance with the overall requirements of the reform to the professional titles system of the State.

8. Promoting the Cultivation of an Intellectual Property Culture

(63) Set up a working mechanism for publicizing information about intellectual property that is led by the government and supported by the media, in which the public widely participates. The coordination mechanism needs to be improved and relevant policies and working plans need to be formulated to promote public awareness of intellectual property and the development of an intellectual property culture.

(64) Offer intellectual property courses in higher education institutions and to introduce education on intellectual property into the quality-based education to students of such institutions. A general education plan on intellectual property needs to be formulated and implemented, and intellectual property education needs to be listed into teaching plans in primary and high schools in whole China.

9. Expanding International Exchanges and Cooperation in Intellectual Property

(65) Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in the field of intellectual property. An international information exchange mechanism for intellectual property needs to be established and strengthened. International and regional cooperation needs to be strengthened in the development and utilization of intellectual property information resources and infrastructure. Encourage international cooperation on training of intellectual property professionals. Students studying overseas under State-financed projects are guided to pursue programs related to intellectual property, whereas those funded otherwise are encouraged to do so. Highly talented intellectual property professionals should be introduced from overseas and employed in China. China needs to actively participate in the development of international intellectual property order and effectively involve itself in undertakings of international organizations.

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This is a non-official translation to help people who do not understand Chinese to read China's National Intellectual Property Strategy Outline. In case of discrepancy between the original Chinese text and this translation, the Chinese text shall prevail.

Editor: Yangtze Yan

装备只是游戏里的一些功能代码，性质上属于游戏开发者的作品。玩游戏的人对这些代码没有任何更动的能力，也不是财产所有者。

玩游戏的人对游戏中装备的支配，就如同要求理发师用烫发机烫发一样，不产生任何财产的转移。

游戏中通过游戏获得装备，这是服务内容，如果根据游戏规则完成了行为本来必然获得装备，但没有获得，那就是服务者违约。如果该获得装备而没获得装备，那么玩家可以要求服务者提供——合同违约的首要救济方式是履行。如果因为违约产生了其它损失，则必须证明这些损失与违约行为之间的必然联系。可是，没有提供装备，或者装备丢了，不会必然导致什么损失——如果发现装备丢了，自己去黑市上买，或者自己继续玩游戏重新挣装备，这些都不是必然的损失。因为他完全可以不玩，不买。

“偷”装备者只涉及侵入计算机系统。与之产生法律关系的是服务运营商。盗号者所做的行为：侵入计算机系统（游戏服务器）。用不属于自己的密码侵入只是完成这个行为的手段。玩家的密码本身，不是被侵入的对象。这就好比我去理发，理发师给我烫发，烫了一半以后我回家，第二天回来准备再继续烫，可是这时候理发师说有个人已经假冒是我烫过了。这并不能作为理发师拒绝履行服务合同约定的义务的理由。

这里涉及一个“表见代理”的问题。毕竟和理发店不同，游戏服务合同的履行过程中，服务提供者难以判断服务者的身份，只能通过密码，因而服务提供者可能以表见代理作为抗辩理由，这就涉及到案件的具体案情，需要根据证据来判断了。